(1) Kessler M.A. Volume changes in the menisci and articular cartilage of runners : an in vivo investigation based on 3-D magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Sports Med. 2006 May ; 34(5):832-6.
(2) Poolsup N., et al. Glucosamine long-term treatment and the progression of knee osteoarthritis : systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann Pharmacother. 2005 Jun ; 39(6):1080-7.
(3) Reginster J.Y. Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression : a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2001 Jan 27 ; 357 : 251-56.
(4) Ostojic SM. Glucosamine administration in athletes: effects on recovery of acute knee injury. Res Sports Med. 2007 Apr-Jun;15(2):113-24.
(5) Yoshimura M. Evaluation of the effect of glucosamine administration on biomarkers for cartilage and bone metabolism in soccer players. Int J Mol Med. 2009 Oct;24(4):487-94.
(6) Shmidt EI. [Long-term efficacy and safety of chondroitin sulphate (structum, France) in patients with coxarthrosis]. Ter Arkh. 2007;79(1):65-7.
(7) Vangsness CT Jr. A review of evidence-based medicine for glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate use in knee osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy. 2009 Jan;25(1):86-94.
(8) Bell GA. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin in relation to mortality. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]
(9) Brasky TM. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin and lung cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 2011 Sep;22(9):1333-42. Epub 2011 Jun 25.
(10) Zhang YX. Effects of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in adult patients with Kaschin-Beck disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Apr;29(4):357-62.
(11) Tat SK. Chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate in combination decrease the pro-resorptive properties of human osteoarthritis subchondral bone osteoblasts: a basic science study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(6):R117.
(12) Lippiello L. Collagen Synthesis in tenocytes, ligament cells and chondrocytes exposed to a combination of Glucosamine HCl and chondroitin sulfate. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2007 Jun;4(2):219-24.
(13) Calamia V. Pharmacoproteomic study of the effects of chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate on human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010, 12:R138 ;
(14) Clegg DO.Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 23;354(8):795-808.
(15) Jerosch J. Effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate on Cartilage Metabolism in OA: Outlook on Other Nutrient Partners Especially Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Int J Rheumatol. 2011; 2011: 969012.
(16) Calamia V. Secretome analysis of chondroitin sulfate-treated chondrocytes reveals its anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012, 14:R202.
(17) Burton AF. Decreased incorporation of 14C-glucosamine relative to 3H-N-acétyl-glucosamine in the intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1983 Jan;78(1):19-22.
(18) Goodman MJ. Glucosamine synthetase activity of the colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut, 1977, 18, 219-229
(19) Auricchio S. Mannan and oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine protect intestinal mucosa of celiac patients with active disease from in vitro toxicity of gliadin peptides. Gastroenterology. 1990 Oct;99(4):973-8.
(20) Rhodes JM. Unifying hypothesis for inflammatory bowel disease and associated colon cancer: sticking the pieces together with sugar. Lancet 1996; 347: 40.
(21) Salvatore S. A pilot study of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nutritional substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in paediatric chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Dec;14(12):1567-79.
(22) Bak YK. Effects of dietary supplementation of glucosamine sulfate on intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of experimental colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 May;29(5):957-63.
(23) Yomogida S. Glucosamine, a naturally occurring amino monosaccharide, suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Int J Mol Med. 2008 Sep;22(3):317-23.
(24) Kantor ED. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2013 Jun;24(6):1137-46
(25) Masuda S. Anti-tumor properties of orally administered glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine oligomers in a mouse model. Carbohydr Polym. 2014 Oct 13;111:783-7.
(26) Jung CW. Anti-cancer properties of glucosamine-hydrochloride in YD-8 human oral cancer cells: Induction of the caspase-dependent apoptosis and down-regulation of HIF-1?. Toxicol In Vitro. 2012 Feb;26(1):42-50.
(27) Brasky TM. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin and lung cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 2011 Sep;22(9):1333-42.
(1) Uitterlinden EJ. Glucosamine reduces anabolic as well as catabolic processes in bovine chondrocytes cultured in alginate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007 Nov;15(11):1267-74.
(2) Uitterlinden EJ. Glucosamine decreases expression of anabolic and catabolic genes in human osteoarthritic cartilage explants. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Mar;14(3):250-7.
(3) Shikhman A R. Chondroprotective activity of N-acetylglucosamine in rabbits with experimental osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:89-94
(4) GREVENSTEIN J. Cartilage changes in rats induced by papain and the influence of treatment with N-acetylglucosamine. Acta orthopaedica belgica 1991, vol. 57, no2, pp. 157-161
(5) Talent JM. Pilot study of oral polymeric N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as a potential treatment for patients with osteoarthritis. Clin Ther. 1996 Nov-Dec;18(6):1184-90.
(6) Tamai Y. Enhanced healing of cartilaginous injuries by N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. Carbohydrate Polymers Volume 54, Issue 2, 1 November 2003, Pages 251–262
(7) Serpi M. Novel phosphoramidate prodrugs of N-acetyl-(D)-glucosamine with antidegenerative activity on bovine and human cartilage explants. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4629-39.
(8) McGuigan C. Phosphate prodrugs derived from N-acetylglucosamine have enhanced chondroprotective activity in explant cultures and represent a new lead in antiosteoarthritis drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2008 Sep 25;51(18):5807-12.
(9) Shikhman AR. N-Acetylglucosamine Prevents IL-1ß-Mediated Activation of Human Chondrocytes. The Journal of Immunology April 15, 2001 vol. 166 no. 8 5155-5160
(10) Setnikar I. Absorption, distribution and excretion of radioactivity after a single IV or oral administration of [14C] to the rat. Pharmatherapeutica (1984)3: 538-550
(11) Shoji A. Metabolic Disposition of [14C] N-Acetylglucosamine in Rats. Chitin and Chitosan Research (1999) 5 (1) : 43 - 42.
(12) Kyoung-Youl L. Subchronic toxicity study of dietary N-acetylglucosamine in F344 rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology Volume 42, Issue 4, April 2004, Pages 687–695
(13) Miwa T. Lack of chronic toxicity or carcinogenicity of dietary N-acetylglucosamine in F344 rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology Volume 47, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 462–471
(14) Chen JK. N-Acetylglucosamine: Production and Applications. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8(9), 2493-2516
(15) Salvatore S. A pilot study of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nutritional substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in paediatric chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Volume 14, Issue 12, pages 1567–1579, December 2000
(16) Sayo T. Synergistic Effect of N-Acetylglucosamine and Retinoids on Hyaluronan Production in Huma
(17) Tu CX. Exogenous N-acetylglucosamine increases hyaluronan production in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH Volume 301, Number 7 (2009), 549-551.n Keratinocytes. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004;17:77–83
(18) CHEN RH. Effect of Different Concentrations of Collagen, Ceramides, N-acetyl glucosamine, or Their Mixture on Enhancing the Proliferation of Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts and the Secretion of Collagen and/or the Expression of mRNA of Type I Collagen. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2008, Pages 66-74
(19) KIKUCHI K. Oral N-acetylglucosamine supplementation improves skin conditions of female volunteers: Clinical evaluation by a microscopic three-dimensional skin surface analyzer Journal of applied cosmetology 2002, vol. 20, no2, pp. 143-152
(20) Reyes E. Developments in photoaging: review of N-acetylglucosamine. Piel. 2011 (in press)
(21) Mammone T. The effect of N-acetyl-glucosamine on stratum corneum desquamation and water content in human skin. International Journal of Cosmetic Science. Volume 32, Issue 3, page 234, June 2010.
(22) Hwang YP. N-Acetylglucosamine suppress collagenases activation in ultraviolet B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts: Involvement of calcium ions and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Journal of Dermatological Science Volume 63, Issue 2, August 2011, Pages 93–103.
(23) Mkhikian H. Genetics and the environment converge to dysregulate N-glycosylation in multiple sclerosis. Nature Communications 2011. 2, Article number: 334